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An establishment-wide algorithm for direct-stick embolization of peripheral venous malformations.
J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2018 Jan 29;:
Authors: Nassiri N, Huntress LA, Simon M, Murphy S
Summary
OBJECTIVE: No standardized therapeutic algorithm or embolic agent of selection has but been recognized for administration of congenital peripheral venous malformations (VMs). Therapy choices and reported outcomes due to this fact differ broadly. Herein, we current an institution-wide algorithm for administration of symptomatic congenital peripheral VMs utilizing a single embolotherapeutic modality.
METHODS: Throughout 36 months, sufferers with symptomatic congenital peripheral VMs underwent contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Hematologic monitoring for localized intravascular coagulopathy was carried out in all. Perioperative anticoagulation was administered accordingly. When relevant, venous duplex ultrasound was carried out to evaluate for presence and patency of a deep venous system and superficial venous reflux. If superficial venous reflux was recognized, radiofrequency ablation was carried out per normal protocol earlier than or on the time of preliminary embolization. Direct-stick embolizations (DSEs) had been carried out by a single operator utilizing two concentrations (1% and three%) of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS; Sotradecol; AngioDynamics, Latham, NY) with out foam preparation. Sufferers had been adopted up clinically for decision of signs, coagulopathic monitoring, and growth of problems. All knowledge had been prospectively maintained and retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS: There have been 71 DSEs carried out in 40 sufferers (1.Eight procedures per affected person [range, 1-8]; 12 male sufferers; imply age, 22 years [range, 2-53 years]). Imply follow-up was 17.1 months (vary, zero.Eight-31.6 months). Presenting signs included ache (n = 40 [100%]), swelling (n = 36 [90%]), and beauty disfigurement (n = 32 [80%]). Anatomic distribution was higher extremity (n = 16 [23%]), decrease extremity (n = 37 [52%]), head and neck (n = 7 [10%]), trunk (n = 10 [14%]), and visceral (n = 1 [1%]). There have been 33 sporadic circumstances, four (10%) Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome circumstances, 2 (5%) blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome circumstances, and 1 (2.5%) CLOVES (congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevus, and skeletal deformities) syndrome case. 4 sufferers introduced with localized intravascular coagulopathy, two of whom required perioperative enoxaparin. Twenty-six sufferers (65%) required a single DSE session with full symptom reduction. Fourteen sufferers (35%) required repeated DSE. Two sufferers (5%) required adjunctive surgical excision. There was one postoperative demise (1.four%) secondary to large pulmonary embolism. Problems had been in any other case restricted to pores and skin necrosis (n = 2 [3%]). Imply quantity of sclerosant per session was 7 mL of 1% STS (vary, Three-14 mL), and 15 mL of three% STS (vary, Three-42.5 mL).
CONCLUSIONS: Within the absence of allergic reactions, most congenital peripheral VMs might be safely embolized with liquid STS, thereby avoiding the well-documented toxicity of ethanol. Venous thromboembolism stays a serious supply of morbidity and mortality on this inhabitants of sufferers regardless of shut hematologic scrutiny. Potential randomized trials are wanted for embolotherapeutic standardization.
PMID: 29396158 [PubMed – as supplied by publisher]